This review comprises aspects of the epidemiology, microbiology, pathophysiology, clinical
manifestations, diagnosis, management, prognosis, and prevention of bacterial meningitis …

Meningitis is defined as inflammation of the membranes that surround the brain and spinal
cord. Microbiologic causes include bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. Before routine use …

Antibody-and complement-mediated opsonization, splenic macrophages and interleukin-1
receptor associated kinase-4-and nuclear factor κB-mediated immune responses are crucial …

Abstract Myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is an essential intracellular signal
transducer in Toll‐like receptor (TLR) and interleukin (IL)‐1 receptor family member …

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major meningitis-causing pathogen globally, bringing about
significant morbidity and mortality, as well as long-term neurological sequelae in almost half …

Background. About 10% of pediatric patients with invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) die
from the disease. Some primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) are known to confer …

It is now widely accepted that resident central nervous system (CNS) cells such as microglia
and astrocytes initiate and/or augment inflammation following trauma or infection. However …

Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN), the leading cause of meningitis in children and adults
worldwide, is associated with an overwhelming host inflammatory response and subsequent …

Bacteriolytic antibiotics cause the release of bacterial components that augment the host
inflammatory response, which in turn contributes to the pathophysiology of brain injury in …

Previous studies suggest that the complement system can contribute to limiting
pneumococcal outgrowth within the CNS. In this study, we evaluated the role of the …