Opioids are widely used as therapeutic agents against moderate to severe acute and
chronic pain. Still, these classes of analgesic drugs have many potential limitations as they …

Compared to the better-known mu opioid receptor, delta opioid receptors have been
relatively understudied. However, the development of highly selective delta opioid agonists …

Background Forty per cent of individuals with early or intermediate stage cancer and 90%
with advanced cancer have moderate to severe pain and up to 70% of patients with cancer …

Clinical studies comparing the response and side effects of various opioids have not been
able to show robust differences between drugs. Hence, recommendations of the regulatory …

The transition from acute to chronic musculoskeletal pain is not well understood. To
understand this transition, it is important to know how peripheral and central sensitization …

Similar to μ opioid receptors, κ and δ opioid receptors reside in the periphery, the dorsal root
ganglion, the spinal cord, and in supraspinal regions associated with pain modulation. Both …

Opioids are among the most effective analgesics available and are the first choice in the
treatment of acute severe pain. However, partial efficacy, a tendency to produce tolerance …

For many patients, pain is the first sign of cancer and, while pain can be present at any time,
the frequency and intensity of pain tend to increase with advancing stages of the disease …

A cell can regulate how it interacts with its external environment by controlling the number of
plasma membrane receptors that are accessible for ligand stimulation. G-protein-coupled …

Opioid receptors are major actors in pain control and are broadly distributed throughout the
nervous system. A major challenge in pain research is the identification of key opioid …