Medial arterial calcification (MAC) is a chronic systemic vascular disorder distinct from
atherosclerosis that is frequently but not always associated with diabetes mellitus, chronic …

Vascular calcifications (VCs) are actively regulated biological processes associated with
crystallization of hydroxyapatite in the extracellular matrix and in cells of the media (VCm) or …

The metazoan innate immune second messenger 2′ 3′-cGAMP is present both inside
and outside cells. However, only extracellular cGAMP can be negatively regulated by the …

Cardiovascular disease is the most common cause of death worldwide, especially beyond
the age of 65 years, with the vast majority of morbidity and mortality due to myocardial …

Cardiovascular complications due to accelerated arterial stiffening and atherosclerosis are
the leading cause of morbimortality in Western society. Both pathologies are frequently …

X‐linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is the prototypic disorder of renal phosphate wasting,
and the most common form of heritable rickets. Physicians, patients, and support groups …

Biomineralization is the process by which hydroxyapatite is deposited in the extracellular
matrix. Physiological mineralization occurs in hard tissues, whereas pathological …

Background Hypophosphatasia results from mutations in the gene for the tissue-nonspecific
isozyme of alkaline phosphatase (TNSALP). Inorganic pyrophosphate accumulates …

with the matrix and with the periodicity of negative charges on collagen. Crystals initially
form octacalcium phosphate [Ca8H2 (PO4) 6· 5H2O], which reorganizes and seeds epitaxial …

The physiological process of biomineralization is complex and deviation from it leads to a
variety of diseases. Progress in the past 10 years has enhanced understanding of the …