Homeostasis is a prerequisite for health. When homeostasis becomes disrupted, dysfunction
occurs. This is especially the case for the gut microbiota, which under normal conditions …

The accumulation of uremic toxins (UTs) is a prototypical manifestation of uremic milieu that
follows renal function decline (chronic kidney disease, CKD). Frailty as a potential outcome …

Uremic toxins are a heterogeneous group of molecules that accumulate in the body due to
the progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD). These toxins are associated with kidney …

Rationale & Objective Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are common in patients with chronic
kidney disease (CKD). The impact of kidney function decline on serious ADR risk has been …

Chronic kidney disease is multifactorial and estimated to affect more than 840 million people
worldwide constituting a major global health crisis. The number of patients will continue to …

Indoxyl sulfate (IxS) and p-cresyl sulfate (pCS) are toxic uremic compounds with
documented pathological outcomes. This review critically and comprehensively analyzes …

The renal elimination of uremic toxins (UTs) can be potentially altered by drugs that inhibit
organic anion transporters 1/3 (OAT1/OAT3). The objective of the present study was to …

Abstract Background and Objectives Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a commonly prescribed life-
long immunosuppressant for kidney transplant recipients. The frequently observed large …

With time, the number of samples in clinical laboratories from therapeutic drug monitoring
has increased. Existing analytical methods for blood cyclosporin A (CSA) monitoring, such …

In the human gut, there is a metabolically active microbiome whose metabolic products
reach various organs and are used in the physiological activities of the body. When …