This review summarizes the brain mechanisms controlling sleep and wakefulness.
Wakefulness promoting systems cause low-voltage, fast activity in the …

We take for granted the ability to fall asleep or to snap out of sleep into wakefulness, but
these changes in behavioral state require specific switching mechanisms in the brain that …

Sleep and wakefulness are regulated to occur at appropriate times that are in accordance
with our internal and external environments. Avoiding danger and finding food, which are life …

The principal neurons of the arousal and sleep circuits are comprised by glutamate and
GABA neurons, which are distributed within the reticular core of the brain and, through local …

The locus coeruleus (LC) is the major noradrenergic nucleus of the brain, giving rise to
fibres innervating extensive areas throughout the neuraxis. Recent advances in …

To appreciate the neural underpinnings of sleep, it is important to view this universal
mammalian behaviour at multiple levels of its biological organization. Molecularly, the …

Although maintained by multiple arousal systems, wakefulness falters if orexin (hypocretin),
orexin receptors, or orexin neurons are deficient; narcolepsy results with hypersomnolence …

Orexins (also known as hypocretins) are neuropeptides located exclusively in hypothalamic
neurons that have extensive projections throughout the central nervous system and bind two …

Micropipette recording with juxtacellular Neurobiotin ejection, linked micropipette-microwire
recording, and antidromic and orthodromic activation from the ventral tegmental area and …

Introduction 3. Brainstem arousal systems 3.1. The reticular formation 3.2. The cholinergic
ponto-mesencephalic neurons 3.3. The noradrenergic locus coeruleus neurons 3.4. The …