TLRs play a critical role in the detection of microbes and endogenous “alarmins” to initiate
host defense, yet they can also contribute to the development and progression of …

Over the past decade we have learned much about nucleic acid recognition by the innate
immune system and in particular by Toll-like receptors (TLRs). These receptors localize to …

Autosomal recessive IRF7 and IRF9 deficiencies impair type I and III IFN immunity and
underlie severe influenza pneumonitis. We report three unrelated children with influenza A …

Objective: To determine the proportion of children with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE)
displaying TLR3 deficiency, the extent of TLR3 allelic heterogeneity, and the specific clinical …

Highlights•Nucleic acid-sensing TLRs are regulated at multiple levels to maintain
immunological tolerance to host-derived ligands.•The recently solved crystal structures of …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a major class of innate immune pattern recognition receptors
that have a key role in immune homeostasis and the defense against infections. The …

RNA works as a genome and messenger in RNA viruses, and it sends messages in most of
the creatures of the Earth, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, plants, and animals. The human …

Timely and precise delivery of the endosomal Toll-like receptors (TLRs) to the ligand
recognition site is a critical event in mounting an effective antimicrobial immune response …

Endosomal Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) serves as a sensor of viral infection and sterile tissue
necrosis. Although TLR3 recognizes double-stranded RNA, little is known about structural …

Macrophages are the first encounters of invading bacteria and are responsible for engulfing
and digesting pathogens through phagocytosis leading to initiation of the innate …