ABSTRACT PURPOSE AND SCOPE The purpose of these Guidelines is to review the
published techniques of ultrasound in labor and their practical applications, to summarize …

Fetal malpresentation, malposition, and asynclitism are among the most common
determinants of a protracted active phase of labor, arrest of dilatation during the first stage …

Fetal head descent can be expressed as fetal station and engagement. Station is
traditionally based on clinical vaginal examination of the distal part of the fetal skull and …

Background Complicated operative vaginal deliveries are associated with high neonatal
morbidity and maternal trauma, especially if the procedure is unsuccessful and a cesarean …

Background To date, no research has focused on the sonographic quantification of the
degree of flexion of the fetal head in relation to the labor outcome in women with protracted …

Background Fetal head “attitude”(relationship of fetal head to spine) in the first stage of labor
may have a substantial impact on labor outcome. The diagnosis of fetal head deflexion …

Background: Accurate assessment of fetal descent by monitoring the fetal head (FH) station
remains a clinical challenge in guiding obstetric management. Angle of progression (AoP) …

Background Ultrasound measurements offer objective and reproducible methods to
measure the fetal head station. Before these methods can be applied to assess labor …

The assessment of labor progress is germane to every woman in labor. Two labor disorders—
arrest of dilation and arrest of descent—are the primary indications for surgery in close to …

Background Active first stage of labour duration can widely vary between women. However,
the nature of the relationship between the active first stage and second stage of labour …