Allometry refers to the size-related changes of morphological traits and remains an essential
concept for the study of evolution and development. This review is the first systematic …

Approximately two decades after the first pioneering analyses, the study of shape asymmetry
with the methods of geometric morphometrics has matured and is a burgeoning field. New …

The first edition of Geometric Morphometrics for Biologists has been the primary resource for
teaching modern geometric methods of shape analysis to biologists who have a stronger …

Although most studies on integration and modularity have focused on variation among
individuals within populations or species, this is not the only level of variation for which …

Quantifying integration and modularity of evolutionary changes in morphometric traits is
crucial for understanding how organismal shapes evolve. For this purpose, comparative …

An important aspect of geometric morphometrics, since its beginnings, has been the
visualization of shape changes. A range of methods has been developed with advances in …

Integration and modularity refer to the patterns and processes of trait interaction and
independence. Both terms have complex histories with respect to both conceptualization …

Leaf shape is spectacularly diverse. As a major component of plant architecture and an
interface for light capture, gas exchange, and thermoregulation, the potential contributions of …

Morphological integration and modularity have become central concepts in evolutionary
biology and geometric morphometrics. This review summarizes the most frequently used …

Developmental systems integrate inputs of variation from different origins into the
observable variation of the resulting phenotype. Different components of phenotypic …