Howland circuit is a popular high performance, voltage-controlled current pump, which can
both sink and source precise amounts of current and provide high output impedance as well …

For Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) applications, the Enhanced Howland Current
Source (EHCS) is a popular choice as an excitation circuit due to its simplicity, reliability, and …

An impedance spectrum is calculated by the ratio between an injecting current and a
resulting measured voltage, which allows the extraction of electrical properties from the …

In this tutorial, we discuss trade-offs in sensor system design. With examples from
engineered systems in our laboratories, we address design considerations at the different …

Bioimpedance measurement systems often use the Howland current sources to excite the
biological material under study. Usually, difference or instrumentation amplifiers are used to …

The Howland current source is widely recognized as a high-efficiency voltage-controlled
current source (VCCS) because it delivers a precise and stable current with a high output …

Electrical Bioimpedance Spectroscopy (EIS) is a technique used to assess passive electrical
properties of biological materials. EIS detects physiological and pathological conditions in …

Bioimpedance spectroscopy (BIS) has shown significant potential in many areas of medicine
to provide new physiologic markers. Several acute and chronic diseases are accompanied …

Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) has emerged as a non-invasive imaging modality
to detect and quantify functional or electrical properties related to the suspicious tumors in …

This research studies the impact of compression on the electrical impedance of soft tissue.
Soft tissue compression occurs in many ways, either physiologically or through forces …