The traditional two-dimensional (2D) in vitro cell culture system (on a flat support) has long
been used in cancer research. However, this system cannot be fully translated into clinical …

Abstract Three-dimensional (3D) stem cell culture systems have attracted considerable
attention as a way to better mimic the complex interactions between individual cells and the …

Hepatic, pancreatic, and biliary (HPB) organoids are powerful tools for studying
development, disease, and regeneration. As organoid research expands, the need for clear …

Cellular models are needed to study human development and disease in vitro, and to
screen drugs for toxicity and efficacy. Current approaches are limited in the engineering of …

Biofabricated tissues have found numerous applications in tissue engineering and
regenerative medicine in addition to the promotion of disease modeling and drug …

Bone is the second most commonly transplanted tissue worldwide, with over four million
operations using bone grafts or bone substitute materials annually to treat bone defects …

Cell culture has become an indispensable tool to help uncover fundamental biophysical and
biomolecular mechanisms by which cells assemble into tissues and organs, how these …

Hydrogel scaffolds are attractive for tissue defect repair and reorganization because of their
human tissue-like characteristics. However, most hydrogels offer limited cell growth and …

In comparison with 2D cell culture models, 3D spheroids are able to accurately mimic some
features of solid tumors, such as their spatial architecture, physiological responses …

In previous years, three‑dimensional (3D) cell culture technology has become a focus of
research in tumor cell biology, using a variety of methods and materials to mimic the in vivo …