Abstract TGF-β 1–3 are unique multi-functional growth factors that are only expressed in
mammals, and mainly secreted and stored as a latent complex in the extracellular matrix …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling shows important roles in both physiology
and pathology, especially in the progression of inflammatory diseases including cancer …

Epithelial and hematopoietic cells have a high turnover and their progenitor cells divide
continuously, making them prime targets for genetic and epigenetic changes that lead to cell …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF‐β) is an effective and ubiquitous mediator of cell
growth. The significance of this cytokine in cancer susceptibility, cancer development and …

Gastric cancer (GC) is the second most common cause of cancer-related deaths. It is known
to be a heterogeneous disease with several molecular and histological subtypes. Here we …

Early detection of gastrointestinal tumors improves patient survival. However, patients with
these tumors are typically diagnosed at an advanced stage and have poor prognosis. The …

Malignant cells survive and thrive by expressing growth and invasion'programs' that many
normal cell types recognize and respond to in'programmed'patterns. An early event in the …

Signals from the TGF-βs are mediated by the TGF-β receptors and their substrates, the
Smad proteins. Inactivation of either of the two transmembrane serine/threonine kinases …

Bone metastases are common in patients with advanced breast, prostate and lung cancer.
Tumor cells co-opt bone cells to drive a feed-forward cycle which disrupts normal bone …

Gastric cancer is one of leading causes of cancer‑related mortality worldwide and is a
notable disease due to its heterogeneity. Recently, numerous studies have investigated the …