Growth/differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15), also named macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1, is a
divergent member of the transforming growth factor β superfamily. While physiological …

The transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway is essential during embryo
development and in maintaining normal homeostasis. During malignancy, the TGFβ …

The invasion of tumor cells into brain tissue is a pathologic hallmark of malignant gliomas
and contributes to treatment failures. Diffuse glioblastomas contain numerous microglial …

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a fundamental biological process whereby
epithelial cells lose their polarity and undergo a transition to a mesenchymal phenotype …

TGF-β is overexpressed in advanced human cancers. It correlates with metastasis and poor
prognosis. However, TGF-β functions as both a tumor suppressor and a tumor promoter …

Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine involved in the
regulation of cell proliferation, differentiation and survival/or apoptosis of many cells. Knock …

Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a key player in malignant disease through its actions
on host tissues and cells. Malignant cells often secrete large amounts of TGF-β that act on …

Transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) is a pleiotropic cytokine, secreted by immune and
nonhematopoietic cells. TGF-β is involved in many different critical processes, such as …

Transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) plays a complex role during carcinogenesis. It may
either act as a tumor suppressor through its broad antiproliferative potential or as a tumor …

The ability of a tumor cell population to grow exponentially represents an imbalance
between cellular proliferation and cellular attrition. There is an overwhelming body of …