Every animal species expresses hundreds of different G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs)
that respond to a wide variety of external stimuli. GPCRs-driven signaling pathways are …

The visual/β-arrestins, a small family of proteins originally described for their role in the
desensitization and intracellular trafficking of G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), have …

G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), the largest family of signalling receptors, as well as
important drug targets, are known to activate extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK)—a …

G protein-independent, arrestin-dependent signaling is a paradigm that broadens the
signaling scope of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) beyond G proteins for numerous …

RAF family kinases were among the first oncoproteins to be described more than 30 years
ago. They primarily act as signalling relays downstream of RAS, and their close ties to …

The variety of physiological functions controlled by dopamine in the brain and periphery is
mediated by the D 1, D 2, D 3, D 4 and D 5 dopamine GPCRs. Drugs acting on dopamine …

Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive and compensatory mechanism preserving cardiac
output during detrimental stimuli. Nevertheless, long-term stimuli incite chronic hypertrophy …

ERK1 and ERK2 are related protein-serine/threonine kinases that participate in the Ras-Raf-
MEK-ERK signal transduction cascade. This cascade participates in the regulation of a large …

G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large and diverse class of signal-
transducing receptors that undergo dynamic and isoform-specific membrane trafficking …

A great deal of experimental evidence suggests that ligands can stabilize different receptor
active states that go on to interact with cellular signaling proteins to form a range of different …