Pancreatic cancer is an increasingly common cause of cancer mortality with a tight
correspondence between disease mortality and incidence. Furthermore, it is usually …

BACKGROUND All cells, prokaryotes and eukaryotes, release extracellular vesicles (EVs)
as part of their normal physiology and during acquired abnormalities. EVs can be broadly …

Exosomes play essential roles in intercellular communications. The exosome was
discovered in 1983, when it was found that reticulocytes release 50-nm small vesicles …

The sustained growth, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells depend upon bidirectional
cell–cell communication within complex tissue environments. Such communication …

Exosomes are common membrane-bound nanovesicles that contain diverse biomolecules,
such as lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. Exosomes are derived from cells through …

Extracellular vesicles such as exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and large
oncosomes have been shown to participate in a wide variety of biological processes and are …

The tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of various cell types embedded in an
altered extracellular matrix (ECM). ECM not only serves as a support for tumor cell but also …

Plenty of immune cells infiltrate into the tumor microenvironment (TME) during tumor
progression, in which myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) represent a …

In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), signaling from stromal cells is implicated in
metastatic progression. Tumor-stroma cross-talk is often mediated through extracellular …

Gemcitabine (GEM)-based chemotherapy is commonly used to treat pancreatic cancer.
However, acquired resistance to GEM remains a challenge in pancreatic cancer patients …