The incidence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been increasing worldwide, and diabetic kidney
disease (DKD) remains one of the leading long-term complications of T2D. Several lines of …

As the prevalence of diabetes continues to climb, the number of individuals living with
diabetic complications will reach an unprecedented magnitude. The emergence of new …

The gastrointestinal tract—the largest endocrine network in human physiology—
orchestrates signals from the external environment to maintain neural and hormonal control …

The incretin hormone Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) is best known for its “incretin effect”
in restoring glucose homeostasis in diabetics, however, it is now apparent that it has a …

Glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) is an incretin hormone mainly secreted from intestinal L
cells in response to nutrient ingestion. GLP‐1 has beneficial effects for glucose homeostasis …

Highlights•GLP-1 analogs can cross the blood–brain barrier and stimulate the GLP-1
receptor in the brain.•Stimulation of the GLP-1 receptor has shown effects on mitochondrial …

Renal ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is the most common cause of AKI, which associates
with high mortality and has no effective therapy. ELABELA (ELA) is a newly identified 32 …

Background Kidney ischemia–reperfusion injury is a common pathophysiological
phenomenon in the clinic. A large number of studies have found that the tyrosine protein …

The present study investigated the possible relationship between pro-inflammatory
cytokines and programmed nigral neuronal death in rotenone model of Parkinson's disease …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) plays a role in intracellular signal transduction under
physiological conditions while also playing an essential role in diseases such as …