Temperature changes at the Earth's surface propagate downward into the subsurface and
impart a thermal signature to the rocks. This signature can be measured in boreholes and …

Palaeoclimatology provides our only means of assessing climatic variations before the
beginning of instrumental records. The various proxy variables used, however, have a …

Heat provides the energy that drives almost all geological phenomena and sets the
temperature at which these phenomena operate. This book explains the key physical …

Seventy new heat flow values have been determined for the Indian shield. The new sites
include 28 from the Archaean Dharwar craton, one from the Proterozoic Cuddapah basin of …

Analyses of underground temperature measurements from 358 boreholes in eastern North
America, central Europe, southern Africa, and Australia indicate that, in the 20th century, the …

Ground surface temperature (GST) reconstructions determined from temperature profiles
measured in terrestrial boreholes, when averaged over the Northern Hemisphere, estimate …

Climate for the 21st century is expected to be considerably different from the present and
recent past. Industrialization growth combined with the increasing CO2 concentration in the …

Lack of a 19th-century baseline temperature against which 20th-century warming can be
referenced constitutes a deficiency in understanding recent climate change. Combination of …

Progress in understanding climate variability through the last millennium leans on simulation
and reconstruction efforts. Exercises blending both approaches present a great potential for …

Twentieth century (1900 to 1990) changes in annual surface air temperature (SAT) are
compared with contemporaneous changes in annual ground surface temperature (GST) …