Innate immune responses, particularly activation of macrophages and microglia, are
increasingly implicated in CNS disorders. It is now appreciated that the heterogeneity of …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) often leads to the loss of motor and sensory functions and is a major
challenge in neurological clinical practice. Understanding the pathophysiological changes …

Microglia represent the first line of immune feedback in the brain. Beyond immune
surveillance, they are essential for maintaining brain homeostasis. Recent research has …

Microglia are highly active and vigilant housekeepers of the central nervous system that
function to promote neuronal growth and activity. With advanced age, however …

The neuroprotective effect of ceria nanoparticles in the context of brain disorders has been
explained by their antioxidant effect. However, the in‐depth mechanism remains unknown …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) triggers a heterogeneous macrophage response that when
experimentally polarized toward alternative forms of activation (M2 macrophages) promotes …

In response to NIH initiatives to investigate sex as a biological variable in preclinical animal
studies, researchers have increased their focus on male and female differences in …

Spinal cord injury (SCI) involves excessive inflammatory responses, which are characterized
by the existence of high levels of proinflammatory M1 macrophages rather than prohealing …

Bone‑related diseases comprise a large group of common diseases, including fractures,
osteoporosis and osteoarthritis (OA), which affect a large number of individuals, particularly …

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is an incurable disease of the gastrointestinal tract with a
lack of effective therapeutic strategies. The proinflammatory microenvironment plays a …