The innate immune system recognizes microbial products using germline-encoded
receptors that initiate inflammatory responses to infection. The bacterial cell wall component …

The gut microbial ecosystem, which is a collection of the host-microbiota interactions and the
inter-species interplay among bacteria-dominated microbiota, has become a research …

Parkinson's disease (PD) may start in the gut and spread to the brain. To investigate the role
of gut microbiome, we conducted a large-scale study, at high taxonomic resolution, using …

Human monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 is a pattern recognition receptor (PRR) that
enhances innate immune responses. CD14 was first identified as a marker of monocytes to …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are recognition molecules for multiple pathogens, including
bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites. TLR2 forms heterodimers with TLR1 and TLR6, which …

Ly6C hi monocytes seed the healthy intestinal lamina propria to give rise to resident CX 3
CR1+ macrophages that contribute to the maintenance of gut homeostasis. Here we report …

The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial
pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect …

Preterm birth is the leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Although the
underlying causes of pregnancy-associated complication are numerous, it is well …

Microorganisms that invade a vertebrate host are initially recognized by the innate immune
system through germline-encoded pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). Several classes of …

Probiotic bacteria can modulate immune responses in the host gastrointestinal tract to
promote health. The genomics era has provided novel opportunities for the discovery and …