Until recently, there was no approved treatment for a retinal degenerative disease.
Subretinal injection of a recombinant adeno-associated virus (AAV) delivering the normal …

BMP signaling plays an important role in dentin development. BMPs and antagonists
regulate odontoblast differentiation and downstream gene expression via canonical Smad …

In the developing brain, immature synapses contain calcium-permeable AMPA glutamate
receptors (AMPARs) that are subsequently replaced with GluA2-containing calcium …

Astrocytes are a heterogeneous population of neural cells with diverse structural, functional
and molecular characteristics responsible for homeostasis and protection of the central …

Anterior segment dysgenesis refers to a spectrum of disorders affecting structures in the
anterior segment of the eye including the iris, cornea and trabecular meshwork …

The discovery of the transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) family ligands and the realization
that their bioactivities need to be tightly controlled temporally and spatially led to intensive …

Bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) are important growth regulators in embryogenesis and
postnatal homeostasis. Their tight regulation is crucial for successful embryonic …

Evidence that glial cells influence behavior has been gaining a steady foothold in scientific
literature. Out of the five main subtypes of glial cells in the brain, astrocytes and microglia …

The lack of knowledge about extreme conservation in genomes remains a major gap in our
understanding of the evolution of gene regulation. Here, we reveal an unexpected role of …

Astrocytes are essential players in brain circuit development and homeostasis, controlling
many aspects of synapse formation, function, plasticity and elimination both during …