OBJECTIVE Genetic and environmental factors influencing spinal development in lower
vertebrates are likely to play a role in the abnormalities associated with human congenital …

Abnormal vertebral segmentation (AVS) in man is a relatively common congenital
malformation but cannot be subjected to the scientific analysis that is applied in animal …

Growth/differentiation factors 5, 6, and 7 (GDF5/6/7) represent a distinct subgroup within the
bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) family of secreted signaling molecules. Previous studies …

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is an unexplained and common spinal deformity seen
in otherwise healthy children. Its pathophysiology is poorly understood despite intensive …

Study Design. In vitro assays were performed with bone-forming cells isolated from 41
patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis and 17 control patients exhibiting another type …

Idiopathic scoliosis (IS) is a spine deformity of unknown etiology. Family studies have
suggested that IS may be inherited as a mendelian autosomal dominant trait. We have …

A segmented body plan is fundamental to all vertebrate species and this bestows both
rigidity and flexibility on the body. Segmentation is initiated through the process of …

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is widely recognized as a complex disorder with a
strong genetic predisposition. In previous studies, a number of extracellular matrixes (ECMs) …

The ky mouse mutant exhibits a primary degenerative myopathy preceding chronic thoraco-
lumbar kyphoscoliosis. The histopathology of the ky mutant suggests that Ky protein activity …

In spondylocostal dysostosis (SD), vertebral-segmentation defects are associated with rib
anomalies. This results in short-trunk short stature, nonprogressive kyphoscoliosis, and …