Parkinson disease (PD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder that affects as many
as 1–2% of persons aged 60 years and older. With the aging of the population, the …

The original definition of atypical antipsychotic drugs (APD) was drugs that are effective
against positive symptoms in schizophrenia with no or little extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) …

In peripheral tissues, dopamine is released from neuronal cells and is synthesized within
specific parenchyma. Dopamine released from sympathetic nerves predominantly …

Background Dopamine-synthesizing (dopaminergic, DA) neurons in the ventral midbrain
(VM) constitute a pivotal neuronal population controlling motor behaviors, cognitive and …

Wingless-type mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) integration site (Wnt) signaling is one of
the most critical pathways in developing and adult tissues. In the brain, Wnt signaling …

Significant attention has been drawn to the potential role of defective PI3-kinase-Akt (PKB)
signalling in Parkinson's disease (PD) neurodegeneration and to the possibility that …

The development of a neuroprotective therapy that slows, stops, or reverses
neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD) is the single most important unresolved …

This review article considers the question of whether or not levodopa is toxic in Parkinson's
disease (PD). l‐dopa is the most effective symptomatic treatment for PD and has provided …

The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling pathway controls a wide variety of cellular
processes including cell death and survival, cell migration, protein synthesis and …

In Parkinson's disease (PD), neurogenesis is impaired in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of
postmortem human PD brains, in primate nonhuman and rodent models of PD. The vital role …