Routes of drug administration and the corresponding physicochemical characteristics of a
given route play significant roles in therapeutic efficacy and short term/long term biological …

Among the various dosage forms, oral medicine has extensive benefits including ease of
administration and patients' compliance, over injectable, suppositories, ocular and nasal …

The oral delivery of bioactive peptides and proteins is prevented by the intestinal epithelial
barrier, in which intercellular tight junction complexes block the uptake of macromolecules …

Oral administration is the most commonly used route for drug delivery owing to its cost-
effectiveness, ease of administration, and high patient compliance. However, the absorption …

Intercellular tight junctions represent a formidable barrier against paracellular drug
absorption at epithelia (eg, nasal, intestinal) and the endothelium (eg, blood–brain barrier) …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of the central nervous system associated
with demyelination and axonal loss eventually leading to neurodegeneration. MS exhibits …

The key role of protein based nanostructures has recently revolutionized the nanomedicine
era. Protein nanoparticles have turned out to be the major grounds for the transformation of …

In the modern world, a number of therapeutic proteins such as vaccines, antigens, and
hormones are being developed utilizing different sophisticated biotechnological techniques …

Short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are carboxylic acids produced as a result of gut microbial
anaerobic fermentation. They activate signaling cascades, acting as ligands of G-protein …

As the field of biotechnology has advanced, oral protein delivery has also made significant
progress. Oral delivery is the most common method of drug administration with high levels of …