The ribosome is one of the main antibiotic targets in the bacterial cell. Crystal structures of
naturally produced antibiotics and their semi-synthetic derivatives bound to ribosomal …

During protein synthesis, ribosomes encounter many roadblocks, the outcomes of which are
largely determined by substrate availability, amino acid features and reaction kinetics …

Integrative structure determination is a powerful approach to modeling the structures of
biological systems based on data produced by multiple experimental and theoretical …

In this review, we highlight the current understanding of translation elongation and recoding
in eukaryotes. In addition to providing an overview of the process, recent advances in our …

Peptide-chain elongation during protein synthesis entails sequential aminoacyl-tRNA
selection and translocation reactions that proceed rapidly (2–20 per second) and with a low …

In bacteria, transcription and translation are coupled processes in which the movement of
RNA polymerase (RNAP)–synthesizing messenger RNA (mRNA) is coordinated with the …

During translation, a conserved GTPase elongation factor—EF-G in bacteria or eEF2 in
eukaryotes—translocates tRNA and mRNA through the ribosome. EF-G has been proposed …

During translation elongation, the ribosome ratchets along its mRNA template, incorporating
each new amino acid and translocating from one codon to the next. The elongation cycle …

The elongation of eukaryotic selenoproteins relies on a poorly understood process of
interpreting in-frame UGA stop codons as selenocysteine (Sec). We used cryo-electron …

During protein synthesis, the ribosome controls the movement of tRNA and mRNA by means
of large-scale structural rearrangements. We describe structures of the intact bacterial …