Wakefulness and vigilance levels are required for maintaining purposeful activities and
motivated behaviours, which are often triggered by sensory information conveying external …

Lung ventilation fluctuates widely with behavior but arterial PCO 2 remains stable. Under
normal conditions, the chemoreflexes contribute to PaCO 2 stability by producing small …

Orexin-A and-B (also known as hypocretin-1 and-2) are neuropeptides produced in the
lateral hypothalamus that promote many aspects of arousal through the OX1 and OX2 …

Central chemoreception traditionally refers to a change in ventilation attributable to changes
in CO 2/H+ detected within the brain. Interest in central chemoreception has grown …

The hypocretins (H crts), also known as orexins, are two peptides derived from a single
precursor produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. Over the past decade, the orexin …

Hypocretin/orexin neurons are distributed restrictively in the hypothalamus, a brain region
known to orchestrate diverse functions including sleep, reward processing, food intake …

A panic response is an adaptive response to deal with an imminent threat and consists of an
integrated pattern of behavioral (aggression, fleeing, or freezing) and increased …

By definition central respiratory chemoreceptors (CRCs) are cells that are sensitive to
changes in brain PCO2 or pH and contribute to the stimulation of breathing elicited by …

We discuss recent evidence which suggests that the principal central respiratory
chemoreceptors are located within the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and that RTN neurons …

After a detailed description of orexins and their roles in sleep and other medical disorders,
we discuss here the current clinical evidence on the effects of dual (DORAs) or selective …