Acute hypobaric hypoxia (HH) is a major physiological threat during high-altitude flight and
operations. In military aviation, although hypoxia-related fatalities are rare, incidences are …

Intact, coordinated, and precisely regulated cerebrovascular responses are required for the
maintenance of cerebral metabolic homeostasis, adequate perfusion, oxygen delivery, and …

Key points Chronic mountain sickness (CMS) is a maladaptation syndrome encountered at
high altitude (HA) characterised by severe hypoxaemia that carries a higher risk of stroke …

Rising atmospheric oxygen (O2) levels provided a selective pressure for the evolution of O2‐
dependent micro‐organisms that began with the autotrophic eukaryotes. Since these …

Efficient brain function requires as much as 20% of the total oxygen intake to support normal
neuronal cell function. This level of oxygen usage, however, leads to the generation of free …

Within the neurovascular unit (NVU), the blood–brain barrier (BBB) operates as a key
cerebrovascular interface, dynamically insulating the brain parenchyma from peripheral …

Breath-hold diving involves highly integrative physiology and extreme responses to both
exercise and asphyxia during progressive elevations in hydrostatic pressure. With …

New Findings What is the topic of this review? The relationships and physiological
mechanisms underlying the clinical benefits of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in patients …

New Findings• What is the topic of this review? To explore the unique evolutionary origins of
the human brain and critically appraise its energy budget, including limits of oxygen and …

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a rapidly spreading acute respiratory infection
caused by SARS-CoV-2. The pathogenesis of the disease remains unclear. Recently …