NAND flash memory is ubiquitous in everyday life today because its capacity has
continuously increased and cost has continuously decreased over decades. This positive …

The energy consumption of DRAM is a critical concern in modern computing systems.
Improvements in manufacturing process technology have allowed DRAM vendors to lower …

As DRAM cells continue to shrink, they become more susceptible to retention failures.
DRAM cells that permanently exhibit short retention times are fairly easy to identify and …

Variation has been shown to exist across the cells within a modern DRAM chip. Prior work
has studied and exploited several forms of variation, such as manufacturing-process-or …

DRAM scaling has been the prime driver for increasing the capacity of main memory system
over the past three decades. Unfortunately, scaling DRAM to smaller technology nodes has …

Energy efficiency has now become the primary obstacle in scaling the performance of all
classes of computing systems. Low-voltage computing, specifically, near-threshold voltage …

Microprocessor power consumption and dependability are both crucial challenges that
designers have to cope with due to shrinking feature sizes and increasing transistor counts …

Racetrack memory is an emerging non-volatile memory based on spintronic domain wall
technology. It can achieve ultra-high storage density. Also, its read/write speed is …

Constraint multiset grammars provide a general, high-level framework for the definition of
visual languages. They are a new formalism based on multiset rewriting. We give a formal …

Refactoring is an important activity in the evolutionary development of object-oriented
software systems. Several IDEs today support the automated application of some …