Abstract In 2019, over 96% of EU27 oil needs, nearly 90% of natural gas and over 43% of
solid fuels were met by net imports, with the largest share coming from Russia (35% of oil …

We study the impact of inclusive institutions on innovation using novel, hand-collected,
county-level data for Imperial Germany. We use the timing and geography of the French …

Energy prices play a crucial role in combating geopolitical risks, especially for the major
suppliers of energy resources. However, energy prices display a bilateral relationship with …

This paper studies the economic impact of fragmentation of commodity trade. We assemble
a novel dataset of production and bilateral trade flows of the 48 most important energy …

Growth is forecasted to slow down for the Middle East and North Africa region. The war in
Ukraine in 2022 exacerbated inflationary pressures as the world recovered from the COVID …

The rapid rise of China as a major economic power, characterized by its expanding global
trade and financial connections, has significantly heightened geopolitical tensions …

We review the five different phases lived by Economic Notes during its first 50 years. First, its
foundation and early phase—until 1983—received great support from Monte dei Paschi and …

L'invasione dell'Ucraina cambierà profondamente gli scenari economici e politici. Assieme
alle sanzioni, accelererà il processo di 'de-globalizzazione'innescato dalla crisi finanziaria …

The US-China trade war raised tariffs on roughly $450 billion in bilateral trade and marked a
turning point in the globalisation era. This column examines the impact of the trade dispute …

This study comprehensively addresses the geopolitical consequences of the Russia-
Ukraine War, which clearly reshaped international relations and global power dynamics in …