Hypotheses The drive to survive is a biological universal. Intelligent behaviour is usually
recognized when individual organisms including plants, in the face of fiercely competitive or …

Epigenetic mechanisms, which include DNA methylation, a variety of post-translational
modifications of histone proteins (acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, ubiquitination …

Ample evidence has demonstrated that sex steroid hormones, such as the potent estrogen
17β-estradiol (E2), affect hippocampal morphology, plasticity, and memory in male and …

Hypoxia is one of the most common and severe challenges to the maintenance of
homeostasis. Oxygen sensing is a property of all tissues, and the response to hypoxia is …

The origin story and emergence of molecular biology is muddled. The early triumphs in
bacterial genetics and the complexity of animal and plant genomes complicate an intricate …

The ability to make predictions based on stored information is a general coding strategy. A
Prediction-Error (PE) is a mismatch between expected and current events. It was proposed …

Pioneering research over the past two decades has shown that memories are far more
malleable than we once thought, thereby highlighting the potential for new clinical avenues …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Estradiol and cognition”. Since the publication of the
1998 special issue of Hormones and Behavior on estrogens and cognition, substantial …

Circadian modulation of learning and memory efficiency is an evolutionarily conserved
phenomenon, occurring in organisms ranging from invertebrates to higher mammalian …

Ayahuasca ingestion modulates brain activity, neurotransmission, gene expression and
epigenetic regulation. N, N-Dimethyltryptamine (DMT, one of the alkaloids in Ayahuasca) …