Abstract tRNAs are key partners in ribosome-dependent protein synthesis. This process is
highly dependent on the fidelity of tRNA aminoacylation by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases …

Compared with the research on DNA damage, there are fewer studies on RNA damage, and
the damage mechanism remains mostly unknown. Recent studies have shown that RNA is …

Gram-negative bacteria cause approximately 70% of the infections in intensive care units. A
growing number of bacterial isolates responsible for these infections are resistant to …

Background The discovery of giant viruses with genome and physical size comparable to
cellular organisms, remnants of protein translation machinery and virus-specific parasites …

The genetic code shapes the genetic repository. Its origin has puzzled molecular scientists
for over half a century and remains a long-standing mystery. Here we show that the origin of …

The origin and evolution of modern biochemistry and cellular structure is a complex problem
that has puzzled scientists for almost a century. While comparative, functional and structural …

Mistranslation can follow two events during protein synthesis: production of non-cognate
amino acid: transfer RNA (tRNA) pairs by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) and …

We tested the substrate range of four wild‐type E. coli aminoacyl‐tRNA synthetases
(AARSs) with a library of nonstandard amino acids (nsAAs). Although these AARSs could …

Mycoplasma leucyl-tRNA synthetases (LeuRSs) have been identified in which the
connective polypeptide 1 (CP1) amino acid editing domain that clears mischarged tRNAs …

Translation of mRNAs by the ribosome is stereospecific, with only l-amino acids being
incorporated into the nascent polypeptide chain. This stereospecificity results from the …