The consequences of chronic stress on brain structure and function are far reaching.
Whereas stress can produce short-term adaptive changes in the brain, chronic stress leads …

The field of neuroscience has, after a long period of looking the other way, again embraced
emotion as an important research area. Much of the progress has come from studies of fear …

This paper reviews architectonic subdivisions and connections of the orbital and medial
prefrontal cortex (OMPFC) in rats, monkeys and humans. Cortico-cortical connections …

The amygdaloid nuclear complex is critical for producing appropriate emotional and
behavioral responses to biologically relevant sensory stimuli. It constitutes an essential link …

The basal forebrain is critically involved in functions representing the highest levels of
integration. Only recently has a relatively clear anatomical picture of this important area …

Pavlovian or classical fear conditioning is recognized as a model system to investigate the
neurobiological mechanisms of learning and memory in the mammalian brain and to …

A theory of multiple parallel memory systems in the brain of the rat is described. Each system
consists of a series of interconnected neural structures. The “central structures” of the three …

As implied by its name, the parahippocampal region (PHR), by some authors also named
the retrohippocampal area, is a brain area that lies adjacent to the hippocampal formation. It …

The fear-potentiated startle paradigm has proven to be a useful system with which to
analyze neural systems involved in fear and anxiety. This test measures conditioned fear by …

The parahippocampal region, as defined in this review, comprises the cortical regions that
surround the rodent hippocampus including the perirhinal, postrhinal, and entorhinal …