The panzootic caused by A/goose/Guangdong/1/96‐lineage highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) A (H5) viruses has occurred in multiple waves since 1996. From 2013 …

Avian influenza A viruses (IAV) have received significant attention due to the threat they
pose to human, livestock, and wildlife health. In this review, we focus on what is known …

Eurasia highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5 clade 2.3. 4.4 emerged in North
America at the end of 2014 and caused outbreaks affecting> 50 million poultry in the United …

Background Human infection of avian influenza virus (AIV) remains a great concern.
Although live poultry markets are believed to be associated with human infections, ever …

The successful reintroduction of Wild Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) to Ontario, Canada, has
led to established populations in southern portions of the province and currently allows for …

There are increasing concerns about the effects of disease on wild turkeys (Meleagris
gallopavo). Yet, many management agencies lack adequate data on wild turkey diseases …

A Eurasian strain of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) was first detected
in North America in December 2021 and has since been confirmed in numerous wild and …

Background The 2015 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N2 clade 2.3. 4.4
outbreak in upper midwestern US poultry operations was not detected in wild birds to any …

Birds within the orders Charadriiformes (shorebirds, gulls) and Anseriformes (waterfowl) are
reservoir hosts for avian influenza (AI) viruses, but their role in the transmission dynamics of …

A critical step for decreasing zoonotic disease threats is to have a good understanding of the
associated risks. Hunters frequently handle potentially infected birds, so they are more at …