Programmed death protein 1 (PD-1) interaction with PD-L1 deliver immunosuppressive
environment for tumor growth, and its blockade with directed monoclonal antibodies (anti …

Peptide-based cancer vaccines rely upon the strong activation of the adaptive immune
response to elicit its effector function. They have shown to be highly specific and safe, but …

The generation of tumour-specific T cells is critically important for cancer immunotherapy,. A
major challenge in achieving a robust T-cell response is the spatiotemporal orchestration of …

Peptides cancer vaccines are designed based on the epitope peptides that can elicit
humoral and cellular immune responses targeting tumor‐associated antigens (TAAs) or …

Human papillomavirus (HPV)-related malignancies are responsible for almost all cases of
cervical cancer in women, and over 50% of all cases of head and neck carcinoma …

Although mRNA vaccines are known as potent activators of antigen-specific immune
responses against infectious diseases, limited understanding of how they drive the …

Dendritic cells (DCs) are a complex network of specialised antigen-presenting cells that are
critical initiators of adaptive immunity. Targeting antigen directly to DCs in situ is a …

Vaccines based on virus-like particles (VLPs) can induce potent B cell responses. Some non-
chimeric VLP-based vaccines are highly successful licensed products (eg, hepatitis B …

The development of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines has made substantive progress,
as represented by the approval of five prophylactic vaccines since 2006. Generally, the …

The innate immune sensing pathways play critical roles in the defense against pathogen
infection, but their roles in cancer immunosurveillance and cancer therapies are less …