Coinfections involving viruses are being recognized to influence the disease pattern that
occurs relative to that with single infection. Classically, we usually think of a clinical …

In March and early April 2009 a new swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV), A (H1N1),
emerged in Mexico and the USA. The virus quickly spread worldwide through human-to …

The patterns and processes of influenza virus evolution are of fundamental importance,
underpinning such traits as the propensity to emerge in new host species and the ability to …

The negative-sense RNA genome of influenza A virus is composed of eight segments, which
encode 12 proteins between them. At the final stage of viral assembly, these genomic virion …

Next-generation sequencing technologies can be used to analyse genetically
heterogeneous samples at unprecedented detail. The high coverage achievable with these …

Group A human rotaviruses (RVs) are a major cause of severe gastroenteritis in infants and
young children. Yet, aside from the genes encoding serotype antigens (VP7; G-type and …

Next-generation sequencing allows for cost-effective probing of virus populations at an
unprecedented level of detail. The massively parallel sequencing approach can detect low …

RNA viruses are the main agents of emerging disease. To understand how RNA viruses are
able to jump species boundaries and spread in new hosts it is essential to determine the …

Mixed viral infections occur more commonly than would be expected by chance in nature.
Virus-virus interactions may affect viral traits and leave a genetic signature in the population …

Reassortment is an evolutionary mechanism of segmented RNA viruses that plays an
important but ill-defined role in virus emergence and interspecies transmission. Recent …