The ornate surfaces of male and female reproductive cells in flowering plants have long
attracted attention for their variety and evolutionary significance. These structures, and the …

The outer pollen wall, or exine, is more structurally complex than any other plant cell wall,
comprising several distinct layers, each with its own organizational pattern. Since …

Friedman WE, RC Moore, and MD Purugganan. 2004. The evolution of plant development.
Am. J. Bot. 91: 1726–1741. Friis EM, PR Crane, and KP Pedersen. 1997. Fossil history of …

Although they are relative latecomers on the evolutionary scene, having emerged only 135?
170 million years ago, angiosperms—or flowering plants—are the most diverse and species …

This book takes a uniquely integrated approach to the study of floral biology. Flowers are the
beautiful and complex reproductive structures of the angiosperms, one of the most diverse …

In the plant kingdom, events of whole genome duplication or polyploidization are generally
believed to occur via alterations of the sexual reproduction process. Thereby, diploid pollen …

Tapetal death is essential for the provision of many molecules required for pollen
development including nutrients, proteins, lipids and polysaccharides. The molecules …

Increased aperture number in angiosperm pollen grains offers a potential selective
advantage because it increases the number of prospective germination sites, thus facilitating …

The evolution of different forms of pollen aggregation (tetrads, polyads, pollen threads,
pollinia) from individual monads is a recurring transition in angiosperm history, having …

Key message Anther development and dehiscence is considered from an evolutionary
perspective to identify drivers for differentiation, functional conservation and to identify key …