What are the consequences of being sued for violating bilateral investment treaties? The
conventional wisdom is that investor–state disputes (ISDS) tarnish countries' compliance …

We examine the global ownership structure of firms in the context of the investment regime.
Investment agreements extend valuable privileges to firms invested abroad. But, these …

Historically, international investment law has centered on protecting foreign investors from
direct expropriation, but much of modern law includes legal standards that allow investors to …

Multinational firms frequently engage in indirect investment, holding ownership of their
foreign assets through shell companies incorporated in third states. This allows them to …

The modern regime for the regulation and protection of foreign investment–composed
mainly of thousands of bilateral investment treaties (BITs)–is undergoing a legitimacy crisis …

This paper seeks to explain why some investor-state dispute cases are settled before
reaching the ruling stage in democracies, focusing on disputes triggered by regulatory …

In this paper, I reproduce, replicate and extend two representative empirical studies that
examine biases against developing states in investment treaty arbitration and arrive at …

Deep integration into global value chains (GVCs) changes the domestic political calculus of
expropriation. Host governments with high social welfare concerns are unwilling to …

This thesis assesses the role of diplomatic protection (DP) from historical and current
perspectives. The institution of DP is one of the oldest state rights in international law, and …

As a diffuse, sprawling, relatively opaque and increasingly polarized legal order, the
international investment regime, with its thousands of largely bilateral investment treaties, ad …