Cardiac fibroblasts account for about 75% of all cardiac cells, but because of their small size
contribute only∼ 10–15% of total cardiac cell volume. They play a crucial role in cardiac …

Voltage-gated proton channels (HV) are unique, in part because the ion they conduct is
unique. HV channels are perfectly selective for protons and have a very small unitary …

Heterocellular electrotonic coupling between cardiac myocytes and non-excitable
connective tissue cells has been a long-established and well-researched fact in vitro …

Although cardiac action potential (AP) generation and propagation have traditionally been
attributed exclusively to cardiomyocytes (CM), other cell types in the heart are also capable …

Cardiac fibrosis occurs in a number of cardiovascular diseases associated with a high
incidence of arrhythmias. A critical event in the development of fibrosis is the transformation …

Both opioids and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS) produce deleterious side
effects and fail to provide sustained relief in patients with chronic inflammatory pain …

Voltage-gated proton channels are unique ion channels, membrane proteins that allow
protons but no other ions to cross cell membranes. They are found in diverse species, from …

Cardiac fibrosis is the excessive deposition of extracellular matrix proteins by cardiac
fibroblasts and myofibroblasts, and is a hallmark feature of most heart diseases, including …

Voltage sensor domains (VSDs) are a feature of voltage gated ion channels (VGICs) and
voltage sensitive proteins. They are composed of four transmembrane (TM) segments (S1 …

The voltage-gated proton channel bears surprising resemblance to the voltage-sensing
domain (S1–S4) of other voltage-gated ion channels but is a dimer with two conduction …