Reliable full-scale prediction of drag due to rough wall-bounded turbulent fluid flow remains
a challenge. Currently, the uncertainty is at least 10%, with consequences, for example, on …

A biofilm is an interface-associated colloidal dispersion of bacterial cells and excreted
polymers in which microorganisms find protection from their environment. Successful …

Today, ship hull fouling is managed through fouling-control coatings, complemented with in-
water cleaning. During cleaning, coating damage and wear must be avoided, for maximum …

Biofouling is the colonization of underwater surfaces by microorganisms, plants, algae or
animals and can be divided into soft and hard fouling. Soft fouling is consisted of algae …

Biofouling represents an important problem in the shipping industry since it causes the
increase in surface roughness. The most of ships in the current world fleet do not have good …

Algal biofilms, ubiquitous in aquatic systems, reduce the performance of engineered
systems and alter ecosystem processes. Biofilm morphology is dynamic throughout …

Biofilm heterogeneity and adaptability complicates efforts to link biofilm structural and
mechanical properties to frictional drag. As a result, rigid structures are typically used as the …

Ship hulls and propellers suffer from both mechanical defects and marine growth, which
increase surface roughness and thus lead to significant power/speed penalties. A recent …

The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of barnacle type biofouling roughness on
the full-scale powering performance of a submarine in calm seas. The importance of the …

Biofilms were grown on smooth acrylic surfaces for nominal incubation times of three, five,
and ten weeks in a flow loop at the University of Michigan. The biofilm covered surfaces …