External genitalia development occurs through a combination of hormone independent,
hormone dependent, and endocrine pathways. Perturbation of these pathways can lead to …

This review describes the formation, structure, and function of bony compartments in antlers,
horns, ossicones, osteoderm and the os penis/os clitoris (collectively referred to herein as …

The human penis and clitoris develop from the ambisexual genital tubercle. To compare and
contrast the development of human penis and clitoris, we used macroscopic photography …

Trichomonas vaginalis is a human infective parasite responsible for trichomoniasis–the most
common, non-viral, sexually transmitted infection worldwide. T. vaginalis resides exclusively …

Malformation of the urogenital tract represents a considerable paediatric burden, with many
defects affecting the lower urinary tract (LUT), genital tubercle and associated structures …

Penile erection is mediated by the corpora cavernosa, a trabecular-like vascular bed that
enlarges upon vasodilation, but its regulation is not completely understood. Here, we show …

The study of male and female reproductive tract development requires expertise in two
separate disciplines, developmental biology and endocrinology. For ease of …

Hypospadias is a congenital abnormality of the penile urethra with an incidence of
approximately 1: 200–1: 300 male births, which has doubled over the past three decades …

The post-surgical fluid leakage from the tubular tissues is a critical symptom after
gastrointestinal or urinary tract surgeries. Elucidating the mechanism for such abnormalities …

Background Diversity in penile morphology is characterised by extraordinary variation in the
size and shape of the baculum (penis bone) found in many mammals. Although functionally …