Over the past 10 years, the interest in intranasal drug delivery in pharmaceutical R&D has
increased. This review article summarises information on intranasal administration for local …

Recently published work and emerging research efforts have suggested that the olfactory
system is intimately linked with the endocrine systems that regulate or modify energy …

The hypocretins (H crts), also known as orexins, are two peptides derived from a single
precursor produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. Over the past decade, the orexin …

The orexin system comprises two G protein-coupled receptors, orexin 1 receptor (OX1R)
and orexin 2 receptor (OX2R), along with two endogenous agonists cleaved from a common …

The hypocretins (Hcrts, also known as orexins) are two peptides, both synthesized by a
small group of neurons, most of which are in the lateral hypothalamic and perifornical …

Evolutionarily, olfaction is one of the oldest senses and pivotal for an individual's health and
survival. The olfactory bulb (OB), as the first olfactory relay station in the brain, is known to …

Olfaction plays a fundamental role in feeding behavior, but changes in olfactory acuity
according to feeding states have never been precisely demonstrated in animals. The …

Background Many echinoderms form seasonal aggregations prior to spawning. In some
fecund species, a spawning event can lead to population outbreaks with detrimental …

The primary aim of this study was to investigate whether olfactory detection thresholds are
dependent on different states of satiety. Using the threshold test of the Sniffin'Sticks test …

Detection and discrimination of odorants by the olfactory system plays a pivotal role in
animal survival. Olfactory-based behaviors must be adapted to an ever-changing …