Classically, the basal ganglia have been considered to have a role in producing habitual
and goal-directed behaviours. In this article, we review recent evidence that expands this …

Objective To systematically evaluate the efficacy of treatments for tics and the risks
associated with their use. Methods This project followed the methodologies outlined in the …

Tourette syndrome is a chronic neurodevelopmental disorder characterised by motor and
phonic tics that can substantially diminish the quality of life of affected individuals. Evaluating …

Background A significant proportion of patients with Tourette syndrome (TS) continue to
experience symptoms across adulthood that in severe cases fail to respond to standard …

Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (GTS) is a childhood-onset neurodevelopmental disorder
that is characterized by several motor and phonic tics. Tics usually develop before 10 years …

Abstract In 2011 the European Society for the Study of Tourette Syndrome (ESSTS)
published its first European clinical guidelines for the treatment of Tourette Syndrome (TS) …

The French neurologist Georges Gilles de la Tourette first described this syndrome, which
consists of motor tics sometimes accompanied by uncontrollable noises or utterances …

Brain lesions are a rare cause of tic disorders. However, they can provide uniquely causal
insights into tic pathophysiology and can also inform on possible neuromodulatory …

Abstract Introduction Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS) is an effective treatment extended
broadly to many neurological and psychiatric disorders. Nevertheless, complications may …

Tourette syndrome is a heterogeneous neurobehavioral disorder manifested by childhood-
onset motor and phonic tics, often accompanied by a variety of behavioral comorbidities …