Abstract Based on the Baltic Earth Assessment Reports of this thematic issue in Earth
System Dynamics and recent peer-reviewed literature, current knowledge of the effects of …

Citizen science, the involvement of volunteers in research, has increased the scale of
ecological field studies with continent-wide, centralized monitoring efforts and, more rarely …

There is mounting evidence of species redistribution as climate warms. Yet, our knowledge
of the coupling between species range shifts and isotherm shifts remains limited. Here, we …

The continued growth of human populations and of per capita consumption have resulted in
unsustainable exploitation of Earth's biological diversity, exacerbated by climate change …

Extreme weather events, such as unusually hot or dry conditions, can cause death by
exceeding physiological limits, and so cause loss of population. Survival will depend on …

Studies have documented climate change–induced shifts in species distributions but
uncertainties associated with data and methods are typically unexplored. We reviewed 240 …

One consequence of climate change is an increasing mismatch between timing of food
requirements and food availability. Such a mismatch is primarily expected in avian long …

Recent shifts in phenology in response to climate change are well established but often
poorly understood. Many animals integrate climate change across a spatially and temporally …

Climate change is predicted to cause changes in species distributions and several studies
report margin range shifts in some species. However, the reported changes rarely concern a …

Global climate change has led to warmer winters in NW Europe, shortening the distance
between suitable overwintering areas and the breeding areas of many bird species. Here …