Forest degradation is a global environmental issue, but its definition is problematic.
Difficulties include choosing appropriate reference states, timescales, thresholds, and forest …

The circumboreal forest encompasses diverse landscape structures, dynamics and forest
age distributions determined by their physical setting, and historical and current disturbance …

ABSTRACT Quaternary (last 2.6 million years) botany involves studying plant megafossils
(eg tree stumps), macrofossils (eg seeds, leaves), and microfossils (eg pollen, spores) …

The aim here was to review and summarize the findings of scientific studies concerning the
types of forest dynamics which occur in natural forests (ie forests with negligible human …

Maintenance of ecological integrity and biodiversity must be based on well‐grounded
principles of disturbance ecology. However, non‐equilibrium aspects of ecosystems, such …

Conceptual confusion revolves around how to define, assess, and overcome land,
ecosystem, and landscape degradation. Common elements link degradation and recovery …

The boreal forest is a vast biome encompassing approximately one-third (30%) of the
world's forest area. It harbors about half of the world's remaining natural and near-natural …

The semi-domesticated nature of the reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.) makes it a distinct case
among the world's herbivores. Here, we review the literature on how reindeer shape …

Identifying factors that influence the land surface temperature (LST) of urban forests can help
improve simulations and predictions of spatial patterns of urban cool islands. This requires a …

Combining nine tree growth proxies from four sites, from the west coast of Norway to the
Kola Peninsula of NW Russia, provides a well replicated (> 100 annual measurements per …