In the multi-agent system, there exist many agents, which are often heterogeneous, so the
same decision-making protocol is not suitable for all the agents. In addition, it is generally …

Cooperation among non-kin is well documented in humans and widespread in non-human
animals, but explaining the occurrence of cooperation in the absence of inclusive fitness …

How cooperation could have evolved has been one of the central topics in evolutionary
biology. When cooperators are likely to interact with other cooperators, and defectors are …

We explore the effect of bilateral negotiation, a common means to resolve conflicts, on the
stable coexistence of cooperation with defection, a phenomenon that occurs frequently in …

The existence of cooperation is problematic for those who view the world through an
evolutionary lens. Although natural selection disfavors unconditional cooperation …

The evolution of cooperation has been one of the main topics in evolutionary biology. If
cooperators maintain interaction with cooperators and halt interaction with defectors, then …

The evolution of altruism and spite is facilitated by positive and negative assortments,
respectively. Animals repeatedly meet the same opponents and can choose to keep or …

Evolution is based on the competition between individuals and therefore rewards only
selfish behavior. How cooperation or altruism behavior could prevail in social dilemma then …

The existence of cooperation is a mysterious phenomenon and demands explanation, and
direct reciprocity is one key potential explanation for the evolution of cooperation. Direct …

Altruism and spite are costly to the actor, making their evolution unlikely without specific
mechanisms. Nonetheless, both altruistic and spiteful behaviors are present in individuals …