Osteoclasts are multinucleated cells with the unique ability to resorb bone matrix. Excessive
production or activation of osteoclasts leads to skeletal pathologies that affect a significant …

Osteoclasts (OCLs) are hematopoietic cells whose physiological function is to degrade
bone. OCLs are key players in the processes that determine and maintain the mass, shape …

Osteoporosis (OP) is a skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone density,
alterations in bone microstructure, and increased damage to the bones. As the population …

In response to mechanical forces and the aging process, bone in the adult skeleton is
continuously remodeled by a process in which old and damaged bone is removed by bone …

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common arthritis with a rapidly increasing prevalence.
Disease progression is irreversible, and there is no curative therapy available. During OA …

Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is a polypeptide hormone with vital biological functions in
bone cells. The abnormal expression of IGF-1 has a serious effect on bone growth …

Formation of mature bone-resorbing cells through osteoclastogenesis is required for the
continuous remodeling and repair of bone tissue. In aging and disease this process may …

Methylcatechol (4-MC) is an agonist of various neurotrophic factors, which can upregulate
the expression of Heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) protein by activating nuclear factor erythroid 2 …

The process of sperm-egg fusion is critical for successful fertilization, yet the underlying
mechanisms that regulate these steps have remained unclear in vertebrates. Here, we show …

Osteoporosis is called a silent disease, because it is difficult to detect until comprehensive
examinations for osteoporosis are performed or osteoporotic fractures occur. Zoledronic acid …