The tumor microenvironment (TME) is a complex and ever-changing “rogue organ”
composed of its own blood supply, lymphatic and nervous systems, stroma, immune cells …

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US. Current major treatments for cancer
management include surgery, cytotoxic chemotherapy, targeted therapy, radiation therapy …

Multidrug resistance is a key determinant of cancer chemotherapy failure. One of the major
causes of multidrug resistance is the enhanced efflux of drugs by membrane ABC …

Compelling evidence have demonstrated that bulk tumors can arise from a unique subset of
cells commonly termed “cancer stem cells” that has been proposed to be a strong driving …

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death globally. The development of drug resistance
is the main contributor to cancer-related mortality. Cancer cells exploit multiple mechanisms …

The development and immune evasion of cancer stem cells (CSCs) limit the efficacy of
currently available anticancer therapies. Recent studies have shown that epigenetic …

Conventional chemotherapy, one of the most widely used cancer treatment methods, has
serious side effects, and usually results in cancer treatment failure. Drug resistance is one of …

Resistance to chemotherapy remains one of the most significant obstacles to successful
cancer treatment. While inhibiting drug efflux mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) …

The human ATP-binding cassette transporter multidrug resistance protein 1 (MRP1),
encoded by ABCC1, was initially identified because of its ability to confer multidrug …

ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters such as ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1 are the
major players in drug efflux-mediated multidrug resistance (MDR), which severely affects the …