Glucocorticoid stress hormones are crucially involved in modulating mnemonic processing
of emotionally arousing experiences. They enhance the consolidation of new memories …

Background Anxiety and related disorders are among the most common mental disorders,
with lifetime prevalence reportedly as high as 31%. Unfortunately, anxiety disorders are …

The well-replicated observation that many people maintain mental health despite exposure
to severe psychological or physical adversity has ignited interest in the mechanisms that …

Stress initiates an intricate response that affects diverse cognitive and affective domains,
with the goal of improving survival chances in the light of changing environmental …

Since Freud, clinicians have understood that disturbing memories contribute to
psychopathology and that new emotional experiences contribute to therapeutic change. Yet …

Objective: Biomarkers are defined as anatomical, biochemical or physiological traits that are
specific to certain disorders or syndromes. The objective of this paper is to summarise the …

Stress has a critical role in the development and expression of many psychiatric disorders,
and is a defining feature of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Stress also limits the …

Fear extinction is a phenomenon that involves a gradual reduction in conditioned fear
responses through repeated exposure to fear-inducing cues. Functional brain connectivity …

Pathological fear and anxiety are highly debilitating and, despite considerable advances in
psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy they remain insufficiently treated in many patients with …

Questions of how altered functioning of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
contribute to the development and maintenance of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) …