Can illustrations aid learning of text material? These authors review the results of 55
experiments comparing learning from illustrated text with learning from text alone. They go …

This paper serves as an overview of the research done on learning with geographic maps
that are presented in conjunction with a related text. First, the review looks at a model of map …

This is a revision of the chapter on the same topic that appeared in the first edition of the
Handbook, published in 1996. In the intervening years, a great many changes have …

Reading is typical of a variety of complex cognitive performances which involve a large
number of discrete but interdependent mental processes. The processes which are brought …

Two experiments used fifth-grade students to test the hypothesis that conjointly presented
verbal/spatial information facilitates retrieval from either stimulus format. In Experiment 1 …

This study investigated the effects of three prereading activities (pictorial context, vocabulary
preteaching, and prequestioning) and a control condition on the reading comprehension of …

Many researchers and instructional designers increasingly recognise the benefits of utilising
three dimensional virtual reality (VR) technology in instruction. In general, there are two …

This paper draws on research from geography and psychology to explain how people learn
and remember both reference and thematic maps. The review describes how prior …

This chapter describes perceptual and cognitive processes that are involved in the
organization, interpretation and comprehension of graphics. The notational symbol system …

Maps have real-world utility for activities of daily life and are critical for many disciplines.
Here we discuss how educating children to use maps for navigation may enhance not only …