Insect life on earth is greatly diversified despite being exposed to several infectious agents
due to their diverse habitats and ecological niche. One of the major factors responsible for …

Melanization plays important roles in diverse physiological processes in insects including
wound healing, tanning of the cuticle and immunity. Upon infection, pattern recognition …

Abstract The order Chaetothyriales (Pezizomycotina, Ascomycetes) harbours obligatorily
melanised fungi and includes numerous etiologic agents of chromoblastomycosis …

The mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, is currently considered as a pest when infesting
stored grains or grain products. However, mealworms are now being promoted as a …

Honeybees harbor well-defined bacterial communities in their guts. The major members of
these communities appear to benefit the host, but little is known about how they interact with …

Ants are among the most successful organisms on Earth. It has been suggested that forming
symbioses with nutrient-supplementing microbes may have contributed to their success, by …

Melanocytes produce melanin to protect the skin from UV-B radiation. Notwithstanding, the
spectrum of their functions extends far beyond their well-known role as melanin production …

Simple Summary Immune responses of Lepidopteran pests to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) or
Bt toxins, including pattern recognition proteins, antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and their …

Endoparasitoid wasps inject venom proteins into the hemocoel of host insects to ensure
survival, growth, and development of their progenies by blocking host immunity. We …

To ensure successful parasitism, parasitoid wasps inject venom along with their eggs into
their hosts. The venom serves to suppress host immune responses, including melanization …