The striatum is densely innervated by mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons that modulate
acquisition and vigor of goal-directed actions and habits. This innervation is progressively …

Though a multi-facetted disorder, Parkinson's disease is prototypically characterized by
neurodegeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars …

Midbrain dopaminergic neurons are essential for appropriate voluntary movement, as
epitomized by the cardinal motor impairments arising in Parkinson's disease. Understanding …

Movement disorders arise from the complex interplay of multiple changes to neural circuits.
Successful treatments for these disorders could interact with these complex changes in …

Dopamine is known to be involved in regulating effort investment in relation to reward, and
the disruption of this mechanism is thought to be central in some pathological situations …

The basal ganglia represent an ancient part of the nervous system that have remained
organized in a similar way over the last 500 million years and are of importance for our …

Parkinson's disease (PD) is an idiopathic neurodegenerative disorder with the second-
highest prevalence rate behind Alzheimer's disease. The pathophysiological hallmarks of …

The characteristic slowness of movement in Parkinson9s disease relates to an imbalance in
the activity of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the direct (dMSNs) and indirect …

The neuromodulator dopamine plays a key role in motivation, reward-related learning, and
normal motor function. The different affinity of striatal D1 and D2 dopamine receptor types …

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental
disorder in children. Although the involvement of dopamine in this disorder seems to be …