Phase II metabolic enzymes are a battery of critical proteins that detoxify xenobiotics by
increasing their hydrophilicity and enhancing their disposal. These enzymes have long been …

Astrocytes, once believed to serve only as “glue” for the structural support of neurons, have
been demonstrated to serve critical functions for the maintenance and protection of neurons …

Astrocytes have a higher antioxidant potential in comparison to neurons. Pathways
associated with this selective advantage include the transcriptional regulation of antioxidant …

Binding of the transcription factor nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) to the antioxidant
response element (ARE) in neural cells results in the induction of a battery of genes that can …

This review discusses the current understanding of cysteine and glutathione redox balance
in astrocytes. Particular emphasis is placed on the impact of oxidative stress and astrocyte …

The transcription factor nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) coordinates
expression of genes required for free radical scavenging, detoxification of xenobiotics, and …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and subsequent oxidative damage may contribute to the
formation and persistence of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions by acting on distinct …

The essential trace element selenium, as selenocysteine, is incorporated into antioxidant
selenoproteins such as glutathione peroxidases (GPx), thioredoxin reductases (TrxR) and …

The predominant molecular symptom of aging is the accumulation of altered gene products.
Moreover, several conditions including protein, lipid or glucose oxidation disrupt redox …

NF-E2 related factor (Nrf2) controls a pleiotropic cellular defense, where multiple
antioxidant/detoxification pathways are up-regulated in unison. Although small molecule …